Rangkuman Materi Bahasa Inggris Tentang Grammar

ENGLISH LEARNING MODULE

“ GRAMMAR”

Name    : Muhammad Raihan

Class     : XII Science 3

SMA Negeri 103 Jakarta

Perum Klender, Jl. Mawar Merah VI, RT.13/RW.4, Malaka Jaya, Duren Sawit, Kota Jakarta Timur, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta 13460

Active and Passive

·         Active voice is a sentence where the subject does work, on the contrary, passive voice is a sentence where the subject is subjected to work by object sentences.

·         Generic Structure, Tense, and Examples :

A.     Present

1.      Simple Present

Aktif :  S + V1 + O

Pasif : O + tobe + V3

Examples :

a.       I eat that cake. =>  That cake is eatean (by me).

b.      She breaks the vase. => The vase is broken (by her).

2.      Present Future

Aktif : S + will + V1 + O

Pasif : O + Will + be + V3

Examples :

a.       I will do the homework. => The homework will be done (by me).

b.      My boss will accept my plan. => My plan will be accepted (by my boss).

3.      Present Perfect

Aktif : S + Have/Has + V3 + O

Pasif : O + Have/Has + been + V3

Examples :

a.       You have taken the pencil. => The pencil has been taken (by you).

b.      He has written a letter. => A letter has been written (by him).

4.      Present Continuous

Aktif : S + tobe + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + tobe + being + V3

Examples :

a.       They are destroying that big building. => That big building is being destroyed.

b.      He is eating a huge cake. => A huge cake is being eaten.

5.      Present Future Perfect

Aktif : S + Will + Have + V3 + O

Pasif : O +  Will + Have + been + V3

Examples :

a.       We will have finished all the tasks. => All the tasks will have been finished (by us).

b.      Next month, he will have finished his paper. => Next month, his paper will have been finished (by him).

6.      Present Future Continuous

Aktif : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing

Pasif : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3

Examples :

a.       I will have been cooking the dinner soon. => The dinner will have been being cooked soon (by me).

b.      I’m sure my boss will have been firing me. => I’m sure I will have been being fired(by my boss).

7.      Present Perfect Continuous

Aktif : S + Have/Has + been + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + Have/Has + been + being + V3

Examples :

1.      I have been fixing your phone. => Your phone has been being fixed (by me).

2.      She has been eating all cakes. => All cakes have been being eaten (by her).

8.      Present Future Perfect Continuous

Aktif : S + Will + Have + been + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + Will + Have + been + being + V3

Examples :

1.      They will have been killing me. => I will have been being killed (by them).

2.      She will have been telling me the truth. => The truth will have been being told (by her).

B.     Past

9.      Simple Past

Aktif : S + V2 + O

Pasif : O + tobe + V3

Examples :

a.       I broke the glass. => The glass was broken (by me).

b.      My mom told me. => I was told (by my mom).

10.  Past Future

Aktif : S + Would + V1 + O

Pasif : O + Would + be + V3

Examples :

a.       I would spend the money. => The money would be spent (by me).

c.       His father would hit him. => He would be hit (by his father).

11.  Past Perfect

Aktif : S + Had + V3 + O

Pasif : O + Had + been + V3

Examples :

a.       You had eaten that food. => The food had been eaten (by you).

b.      Her sister had called me for some help. => I had been called (by her sister) for some help.

12.  Past Continuous

Aktif : S + tobe (was/were) + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + tobe (was/were) + being + V3

Examples :

a.         I was drinking a cup of coffee. => A cup of coffee was being drunk (by me)

b.        His mother was cooking meal for breakfast. => Meal for breakfast was being cooked (by his mother).

13.  Past Future Perfect

Aktif : S + Would + Have + V3 + O

Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + V3

Examples :

a.     They would have watched that movie. => That movie would have been watched (by them).

b.    Our teacher would have taught us for 1 year. => We would have been taught (by our teacher) for 1 year.

14.  Past Future Continuous

Aktif : S + Would + be + V-ing

Pasif : O + Would + be + being + V3

Examples :

a.       We would be cleaning the house. => The house would be being cleaned (by us).

b.      She would be fixing your life. => Your life would be being fixed (by her)

15.  Past Perfect Continuous

Aktif : S + Had + been + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + Had + been + being + V3

Examples :

a.         My cat had been eating your fish. => Your fish had been being eaten (by my cat).

b.        He had been changing my life. => My life had been being changed (by him).

16.  Past Future Perfect Continuous

Aktif : S + Would + Have + been + V-ing + O

Pasif : O + Would + Have + been + being + V3

Example :

a.    My wife would have been driving the car. => The car would have been being driven (by my wife).

b.   My husband would have been climbing the wall. => The wall would have been being climbed (by my husband).

Direct and Indirect

·         Direct Speech is the sentence words uttered directly by the speaker. Indirect Speech is a sentence that is spoken to report the speaker's words to others. So, Indirect Speech (Reported Speech) is used if we want to report someone's words to others indirectly.

·         Tenses :

·         Examples

·         Exercise

1. Helen said Jono, “May I borrow your dictionary tomorrow?”. What did Helen say to Jono…

a. Helen said Jono to borrow her dictionary tomorrow
b. Helen said Jono if/whether he might borrow her dictionary the following day
c. Helen said Jono whether she might borrow her dictionary the following day
d. Helen said Jono to borrow her dictionary the following day
e. Helen said Jono if/whether she might borrowed her dictionary the following d

---

2. Sofia said my mom, “Can I meet your daughter, Mila, now?”. We know that…

a. Sofia asked my mom if she could meet her daughter, Mila, then
b. Sofia asked my mom if she could met her daughter, Mila, then
c. Sofia asked my mom if she can meet her daughter, Mila, then
d. Sofia asked my mom if she could met her daughter, Mila, now
e. Sofia asked my mom if she can meet his daughter, Mila, the

---

3. My father asked My brother, “Will we spend the holiday in Lampung next month?”. We can conclude that…

a. My father asked my brother whether we would spent the holiday in Lampung the following month
b. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the following month
c. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the following month
d. My father asked my brother whether they would spend the holiday in Lampung the next month
e. My father asked my brother whether we would have spent the holiday in Lampung the following mont

---

4. Miftahul said Dwi, “Will you marry me?”. We can conclude that……

a. Miftahul asked Dwi if she would marry him
b. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry him
c. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry hers
d. Miftahul asked Dwi if he would marry her
e. Miftahul asked Dwi if he will marry he

---

5. Fairuz said me, “Shall I go now?”. We can conclude that…….

a. Fairuz asked me that he should go then
b. Fairuz asked me that he should go now
c. Fairuz asked me if he should go now
d. Fairuz asked me if he shall go then
e. Fairuz asked me whether he should go then

Modals Word

·         We use modal verbs to show if we believe something is certain, probable or possible (or not). We also use modals to do things like talking about ability, asking permission making requests and offers, and so on.

·         Tenses, and Examples :

Can, Could, Be Able To

Can, could and be able to are used to express a variety of ideas in English:

Ability/Lack of Ability

Present and Future:

can/can’t + base form of the verb

1.      Tom can write poetry very well.

2.      I can help you with that next week.

3.      Lisa can’t speak French.

am / is / are / will be + able to + base form of the verb
am not/ isn’t / aren’t/ won’t be + able to + base form of the verb

1.      Mike is able to solve complicated math equations

2.      The support team will be able to help you in about ten minutes.

3.      I won’t be able to visit you next summer.

Past:

could / couldn’t + base form of the verb

1.      When I was a child I could climb trees.

was / were + able to + base form of the verb
wasn’t / weren’t + able to + base form of the verb
hasn’t / haven’t + been able to + base form of the verb

1.      I wasn’t able to visit her in the hospital.

2.      He hasn’t been able to get in touch with the client yet.

Note: Can and could do not take an infinitive (to verb) and do not take the future auxiliary will.

·         Incorrect: I can to help you this afternoon.

·         Correct: I can help you this afternoon.

·         Correct: I will (I’ll) be able to help you this afternoon.

Possibility / Impossibility

can / can’t + base form of the verb

1.      You can catch that train at 10:43.

2.      He can’t see you right now. He’s in surgery.

could + base form of the verb

1.      I could fly via Amsterdam if I leave the day before.

Ask Permission / Give Permission

Can + Subject + base form of the verb (informal)

1.      Can you lend me ten dollars?

Can + base form of the verb (informal)

1.      You can borrow my car.

Could + subject + base form of the verb (polite)

1.      Could I have your number?

2.      Could I talk to your supervisor please?

Make a suggestion – To make a suggestion use:

Could + base form of the verb (informal)

1.      You could take the tour of the castle tomorrow.

·         Exercise

1.      He _____ his homework by the time the teacher come to the class.

a. Will finish

b. Will be finished

c. Will have finished

d. Would finish

e. will has finish

2.      Why didn’t Charly apply for the job? He _____ gotten it.

a. Can

b. Could

c. Could have

d. Can have

e. must have

3.      A : I wonder why Jenny didn’t answer the doorbell.

B : Well, i suppose she _____ been a sleep

a. Could have

b. May have

c. Will have

d. Would have

e. might have

4.      I can’t find my bag anywhere. I’m sure i _____ left it in my room.

a. Could have

b. Must have

c. Will have

d. Might have

e. should have

5.      A lot of students didn’t pass the English test yesterday. The test _____ difficult.

a. Must

b. Must have

c. Must have been

d. Must been 

e. should

If Clause

·         In English grammar, a conditional clause is a type of adverbial clause that states a hypothesis or condition, real (factual) or imagined (counterfactual). A sentence containing one or more conditional clauses and a main clause (which expresses the result of the condition) is called a conditional sentence (also known as a conditional construction).

·         Type Of If Clause and examples :

·         type	condition
I	condition possible to fulfill
II	condition in theory possible to fulfill
III	condition not possible to fulfill (too late)

1. Form

type	if-clause	main clause
I	Simple Present	will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
II	Simple Past	would + infinitive *
III	Past Perfect	would + have + past participle *

2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)

type	if clause	main clause
I	If I study,	I will pass the exam.
II	If I studied,	I would pass the exam.
III	If I had studied,	I would have passed the exam.

3. Examples (if-clause at the end)

type	main clause	if-clause
I	I will pass the exam	if I study.
II	I would pass the exam	if I studied.
III	I would have passed the exam	if I had studied.

4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)

type		Examples
		long forms	short/contracted forms
I	+	If I study, I will pass the exam.	If I study, I'll pass the exam.
	-	If I study, I will not fail the exam. If I do not study, I will fail the exam.	If I study, I won't fail the exam. If I don't study, I'll fail the exam.
II	+	If I studied, I would pass the exam.	If I studied, I'd pass the exam.
	-	If I studied, I would not fail the exam. If I did not study, I would failthe exam.	If I studied, I wouldn't failthe exam. If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam.
III	+	If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.	If I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
	-	If I had studied, I would not have failed the exam. If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam.	If I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam. If I hadn't studied, I'd have failed the exam.

·         Exercise

1.      Daughter : Mom, can you help me with the English assignment? It's too difficult for me.
Mother    : I'm sorry, you have to do your task by yourself.
Daughter : ______
A. If only I'm able
B. If you would help me
C. If only I could
D. If it is easy enough

E. If only I’m suitable

E. If it hard enough

2.      Erica  : Let's play badminton next Sunday afternoon at 4, will you?
Nana   : OK. I'll come if _____
A. it is raining
B. it isn't rain
C. it doesn't rain
D. it won't rain

E. it didn’t

3.      Manager   : I'll be out for a moment. Will you answer my personal phone if it _____ ?
Secretary  : Yes, sir.
A. ring
B. rings
C. to ring
D. ringing

E. rang

4.      Danny   : Don't forget to bring raincoat. The weather forcast said it's going to rain this afternoon.
Audi      : _____ thanks for reminding me.
A. It doesn't as though it will rain
B. I don't think It's possible
C. Yes, That's quite possible
D. It's not likely to rain

E. I didn’t as though for reminding me.

5.      Hari       : We need that document now. But Tim hasn't arrived yet.
Vinda    : ______
A. I wish he were here
B. I wished he was here
C. I wish you were here
D. I wished you are her
E. I wish he was here

Cause Effect

A.    Definition

Linking these two sentences related to cause and effect requires an introduction because of, due to, and also thanks to. Writing and speaking in English about cause and effect is called cause effect relationship.

Basically, "because", "because of", "due to", "since", and "as" are conjunctions used in the sentence of causation. All of them have similar meanings, namely "because".

Some words and phrases that have causal meanings are:

§  because of

§  due to

§  thanks to

§  owing to

§  as a consequence of

§  as a result of

B.     Structure and Example

Ø  Because

"Because" is used to connect the parent sentence and clauses, so it is usually after the use of "because" followed by a clause (consisting of S + V). "Because" is also used when wanting to emphasize because something happens, usually the cause is new information, unknown to many people.

… because clause, main clause

… main clause + because clause

* Remarks: If it's because at the beginning of a sentence, don't forget to give a comma.

Example :

• The students was late because it had started to rain.
• Because there was a demonstration on the road, Mr. Andrew arrived late.
• It was difficult to deliver a message because the connection was lost.
• Gilang Dirga and his wife plan to spend their vacation abroad because the weather is fresh there.
• My parents are here because today is my birthday.
• Because Andi and Budi felt so sleepy, they went to bed early.
• She comes here because she misses her mother.
• Gunawan meets his girl because he wants to give her a gift.
• The naughty students don’t pass the final exam because they never study.
• I will be given a bowl of fruit salad because I like it.

Ø  For

The words "because" and "for" have the same purpose. But "because" is more formal than "for". "For" is never used at the beginning of a sentence.

Ø  Since, as

Meanwhile, "since" and "as" are used if the cause of something happened is not very important or has been known to many people.

Example :

·         As it is raining again, we have to stay at home for a while.

·         Since it is raining again, we have to stay at home for a while.

Ø  Because of / Due to

The use of because does not need to be a complete sentence, but only continues with the object (noun), pronoun (pronoun), or verb-ing).

Because of + Noun/Noun Phrase

Subject + Verb + Due to + Noun/Noun Phrase

Example :

§  Because of the storm, my father arrives at the office at eleven o’clock.

§  Because of the traffic jam, Mr. Andrew arrived late.

§  Because of you my life has changed.

§  I was bored because of her speech.

§  Anita loves you because of the money.

§  Siska kisses her daughter because of her love.

§  The chef cooks something because of the order.

§  The productivity of coffee in West Lampung decline because of the earthquake.

§  The students come late because of the rain.

§  We are all here because of you.

Ø  Cos of

Cos is an abbreviation of because which is often also written cz. Although, its use is only limited to informal situations.

… cos clause, main clause —–>  informal

… main clause + cos clause —–>  informal

… cos of + noun (phrase) / pronoun / v-ing —–>  informal

Example :

A : Why does your gadget battery die so fast, bro?

B : Cos I don’t enable saving mode. Then, my gadget is also too old.

C.     Exercise

1.      What is the EFFECT in the following sentence:

The mother bird gathers dried grass to build her nest.

            A. mother bird

B. gathers

C. Build her next

            D. gathers dried grass

2.      What is the CAUSE in the following sentence:

The tree fell in the middle of the road because of the high wind.

A. high wind

            B. because

            C. tree fell

            D. in the middle of the road

3.      Select the best CAUSE for the following EFFECT.

cut her finger

            A. outside

            B. in the house

C. yesterday

D. Sarah picked up broken glass

4.      Select the best EFFECT for the following CAUSE.

Ashley loved to read

            A. story books

            B. reading

C. she had many books

            D. loved

5.      What word or words indicated a CAUSE/EFFECT relationship?

When the fire alarm sounded everyone walked out of the classroom in a quiet line.

            A. everyone

B. When

            C. sounded

            D. walked

Subjective Sentences

·         Subject is about what or who is discussed in a sentence or clause while predicate explains something about the subject. Subjects can be people, animals, objects or abstract concepts.

·         Each complete subject is basically built by one or more nouns or pronouns with / without additional modifier (s) which can be in the form of article (the, an, an), adjective, and prepositional phrases. The gerund and infinitive can also occupy the position of the subject. Complete predicate consists of verb or compound verb (auxiliary + verb) with / without additional modifier (s) and complement (additional other words to complete the meaning of the sentence). The modifier used can be adverb and the prepositional phrase. Whereas complement can be direct object if the verb used is transitive verb, or in the form of subject complement if the verb used is a linking verb. Some examples are as follows.

·         The Clasification of Subjective

o   Simple Subject and Simple Predicate
The simple subject is a single noun or pronoun, overriding the modifier (s). While simple predicate is a single verb or compound verb.

Examples Sentences	Simple Subject	Simple Predicate
His new car tax has already been paid by his assistant.	tax	has been paid
	Information: ·         his new car = (pre) modifier ·         by his assistant = prepositional phrase
The very big boarding school in this country was built in 1980.	school	was built
	Information: ·         the very big boarding= (pre) modifier; ·         in this country = (post) modifier; ·         in 1980 = prepositional phrase
Open the door!	“you”	open
	Information: Pada kalimat imperative, subjek tidak ditulis karena dianggap sudah cukup dimengerti; door = direct object
His Uncle Cal will not arrive on time.	Uncle Cal	will arrive
	Information: ·         his = possessive; ·         not = adverb; ·         on time= prepositional phrase
There was a hounted house.	house	was
	Information: ·         there = adverb; ·         haunted = participle; ·         a = article
Running may be hard for overweight people.	running	may be
	Information: ·         running = gerund; ·         hard = adjective; ·         for overweight people = prepositional phrase
To travel is a bad idea.	to travel	is
	Information: ·         to travel = infinitive; ·         is = linking verb; ·         a bad idea = subject complement

·         Compound Subject and Compound Predicate

Compound subjects consist of two or more nouns or pronouns, regardless of the modifier (s).

Examples Sentences	Compound Subject	Compound Predicate
Lia and Ana were eating our lunch and were discussing abortion on the kitchen table.	Lia, Ana	were eating, were discussing
	Information: ·         our lunch, abortion = direct object; ·         on the kitchen table = prepositional phrase
The beautiful woman and her cute daughterarrived late but left early.	woman, daughter	arrived, left
	Information: ·         late, early= adverb

·      Exercise

1.      Ferdian and … have accomplished their mission.

A.     her

B.     she

C.     hers

D.     her's

E.      they

2.      They don’t work as hard as …

A.     us

B.     our

C.     we

D.     him

E.      their

3.      My father advised … to eat less salt and more whole grain foods.

A.     me

B.     I

C.     Mine

D.     I’m

E.      I’s

4.      The customer … I will send this package lives in a rural area.

A.     who

B.     to whom

C.     whom

D.     why

E.      how

5.      Whose wallet did she find? It’s …

A.     him

B.     his

C.     he

D.     her

E.      she